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Awareness is only the first step

Improving cyber security awareness is often assumed to improve cyber security, however this paper suggests it’s necessary for people to be engaged in cyber security in order to make people a robust cyber defence. The paper builds a model for engaging people in...

Password security: An empirical study

One of the most common control mechanisms for authenticating users of computerized information systems is the use of passwords. Despite the widespread use of passwords, little attention has been given to the characteristics of their actual use. This paper addresses...

Online privacy tools for the general public

Taking into account the increasing need for online data protection and the availability of numerous Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs) for internet and mobile users, ENISA conducted, under its 2015 work programme, a study on online privacy tools, aiming at...